Question 1

One "reality" of social scientific inquiry is that, in comparison with the natural sciences,

Accepted Answer

A)   theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social sciences.
B)   personal values and biases have a greater impact because social scientists are more passionate about their work.
C)   the social sciences are more likely to involve collaborative research.
D)   the social sciences seldom use methods to control for error and bias.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Science involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Scientific knowledge is tentative and uncertain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Freud's death wish is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   explanation without prediction.
B)   prediction without explanation.
C)   neither explanation nor prediction.
D)   an objectively testable proposition.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Empirical evidence is observable to the researcher and others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

A)   Theoretical knowledge is less developed in the social than in the natural sciences.
B)   There is inevitably some degree of error in scientific prediction.
C)   It is usually possible to eliminate the influence of personal values and biases in scientific work.
D)   Some sociologists challenge the scientific conception of sociology and other social sciences.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

In science, as in everyday language, it is acceptable for a concept to have multiple meanings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Based on the "mental alienation" theory of suicide, Durkheim argued that groups with higher rates of insanity will have higher rates of suicide. Women have higher rates of insanity than men. Therefore, women have higher rates of suicide than men. What type(s)  of reasoning is this?

Accepted Answer

A)   deductive reasoning
B)   inductive reasoning
C)   neither deductive nor inductive reasoning
D)   both deductive and inductive reasoningE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

What is the objective of logic or logical analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)   to describe human thought processes
B)   to facilitate creativity and imagination
C)   to empirically validate scientific theory
D)   to evaluate reasoningE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Theories must generate highly accurate predictions to be scientifically useful.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Why is Durkheim's study Suicide a model of social scientific inquiry, even today?

Accepted Answer

A)   It provided the first extensive quantitative analysis of suicide.
B)   It presented the first truly scientific theory of suicide.
C)   Virtually all of its predictions have been confirmed repeatedly by other investigators.
D)   It showed how scientists use data to test theory and develop theories from data.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 12

In valid deductive reasoning, if the evidence is true, the conclusion

Accepted Answer

A)   may be true or false.
B)   may be strong or weak.
C)   must be true.
D)   depends on the variety of supporting evidence.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 13

Scientists engage in deductive reasoning when they

Accepted Answer

A)   show how a hypothesis follows from a theory.
B)   infer empirical patterns from data.
C)   formulate a theory to account for empirical patterns.
D)   infer the validity of a theory from a set of data.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Below is an outline of a flowchart illustrating the scientific process. Fill in the boxes and then indicate whether each arrow in the diagram represents the application of deductive or inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Below is an outline of a flowchart...

Question 15

The three key principles underlying scientific research are

Accepted Answer

A)   observation, theory, experiment.
B)   prediction, experiment, serendipity.
C)   empiricism, objectivity, control.
D)   deduction, induction, generalization.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Which of the following sequences best describes the inductive logic of inquiry?

Accepted Answer

A)   theory  data  hypothesis
B)   data  theory  hypothesis
C)   data  empirical pattern  theory
D)   theory  hypothesis  data
E)   empirical pattern  hypothesis  theoryF) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 17

In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Accepted Answer

A)   is not based on empirical evidence.
B)   involves conclusions that are more or less probable.
C)   is less descriptive of human thought processes.
D)   moves from general principles to particular conclusions.
E)   should be avoided in science whenever possible.F) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 18

Which of the following is not a rule about language usage in science?

Accepted Answer

A)   One word, one concept.
B)   Concepts must be linked to observable objects and events.
C)   Concepts should stand the test of time.
D)   Concepts should be judged by their usefulness.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

According to the authors of your textbook, the natural sciences and social sciences

Accepted Answer

A)   have nothing in common.
B)   share common philosophical and logical foundations.
C)   differ primarily in how each defines the concept of "objectivity."
D)   differ insofar as the natural sciences are based on empiricism, whereas the social sciences are not.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 20

According to the text, both nomothetic and idiographic explanations have a place in social scientific inquiry.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: The Nature of Science

Below is an outline of a flowchart illustrating the scientific process. Fill in the boxes and then indicate whether each arrow in the diagram represents the application of deductive or inductive reasoning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scientists engage in deductive reasoning when they

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not a rule about language usage in science?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In science, as in everyday language, it is acceptable for a concept to have multiple meanings.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In valid deductive reasoning, if the evidence is true, the conclusion

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Science involves both deductive and inductive reasoning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Based on the "mental alienation" theory of suicide, Durkheim argued that groups with higher rates of insanity will have higher rates of suicide. Women have higher rates of insanity than men. Therefore, women have higher rates of suicide than men. What type(s) of reasoning is this?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is false?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Freud's death wish is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Theories must generate highly accurate predictions to be scientifically useful.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Empirical evidence is observable to the researcher and others.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following sequences best describes the inductive logic of inquiry?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, both nomothetic and idiographic explanations have a place in social scientific inquiry.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scientific knowledge is tentative and uncertain.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The three key principles underlying scientific research are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One "reality" of social scientific inquiry is that, in comparison with the natural sciences,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the objective of logic or logical analysis?

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According to the authors of your textbook, the natural sciences and social sciences

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is Durkheim's study Suicide a model of social scientific inquiry, even today?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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