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Exam 1: The Nature of Emotion

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Question 21

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Which classic emotion theorists proposed that emotional feelings are causally independent of bodily and behavioral changes, even though they may occur at the same time?

A) William James and Carl Lange
B) Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
C) Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
D) The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories would both agree with this proposal.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the results of the classic Schachter and Singer (1962) study of arousal and emotional feelings?

A) On average, participants in every experimental condition reported being more happy than angry when completing the questionnaire.
B) Among participants who received epinephrine, but were not told what symptoms to expect, those in the "happiness" condition reported higher ratios of happiness to anger than those in the "anger" condition.
C) Among participants who received epinephrine, and were told what symptoms to expect, those in the "happiness" condition reported lower ratios of happiness to anger than those in the "anger" condition.
D) All of the above are true.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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Question 23

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The Schachter-Singer classic theory of emotion was developed in response to William James' previous theory. Schachter and Singer agreed with one of James' key claims about the relationship between emotional feelings and changes in the body, such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and sweating, but they disagreed with another of his claims. On what point did these researchers agree, and on what point did they disagree?

A researcher is interested in using a questionnaire measure of dispositional pride - how often and intensely individuals feel this emotion. Which of the following would provide the most direct evidence that the measure is reliable?

Research shows that newborn infants display clearly distinct facial expressions of fear, anger, and sadness.

Which classic theory of emotion is most strongly linked to the modern core affect and psychological construction theories?

Research evidence clearly indicates that, among the modern theories of emotion, the component process model is correct.

Your textbook discusses several different aspects of emotion, such as eliciting situations, subjective feelings, physiological responses, and observable behaviors. In studying emotion, researchers must decide which aspect of emotion should be considered the "gold standard" - the criterion that defines whether or not an emotion has occurred, and if so, which emotion. What aspect of emotion do you think should be the gold standard? Explain your answer, providing examples of evidence presented in class to support your choice.

Which classic emotion theorists proposed that physiological arousal determines how strong an emotion feels, but that people decide which emotion they are feeling based on the information they have about their situation?

In a study by Iris Mauss and colleagues (2005) , participants viewed a film clip that went from funny to sad, and back to funny again. Participants' physiological responses were measured, their facial expressions were coded, and they used a rating dial to provide continuous self-report measures of their emotions throughout this film. Which of the following statements about the findings of this study is FALSE?

Which of the following is the best definition of emotional response coherence?

Which of the modern theories of emotion proposes that different categories of emotions, such as sadness, fear, and anger, evolved separately to solve specific adaptive problems?

Imagine that a researcher shows participants several film clips, each eliciting a different emotion. The researcher records several physiological variables throughout the study, such as change in heart rate, breathing, sweat on the skin, muscle tension, and blood pressure. Which of the theories below would predict that people show similar physiological patterns to all emotionally intense films?

Belinda usually drinks decaffeinated coffee, but this morning her local coffee shop accidentally gave her a latte with full caffeine. As she drives to work, Belinda is thinking about a meeting she will have with her supervisor later that day, to receive a performance review. Unaware of the error with her coffee, as Belinda feels her heart begin to pound, she thinks "wow, I must be more anxious about this meeting with my supervisor than I realized!" This example best illustrates which of the following theories of emotion?

Your textbook describes four criteria that have been proposed for deciding whether some emotion category qualifies as a "basic" emotion. What are those criteria?

Why did experimental psychologists ignore emotion as a research topic for much of the 20th century?

Molecules that are released into the bloodstream by one part of the body, and carry instructions through the blood to organs in different parts of the body, are called .

According to your textbook, how do theorists commonly describe the difference between emotions and drives?

A researcher asks participants to remember personal experiences with several, specific emotions while her brain is scanned in an MRI machine. Afterwards, the researcher compares patterns of activation throughout the brain, across different emotions. Which of the following theories of emotion would most strongly predict that each emotion is associated with a different, distinctive pattern of brain activity?

According to basic/discrete emotions theory, human facial expressions of emotions such as fear, anger, and disgust should look very similar throughout the world.